The Wright Brothers

I am going to be 62 in August. Flight has always been important to me. When I was a child living in Wayne, Michigan were under the flight path not too many miles from Metro Airport. We moved there in 1957-58 and the planes overhead were still propeller based airliners. Then the Boeing 707 appeared and I remember the roar, its massive size, and its low flight and it shook the chains in my hands as I sat on my swing set in awe. My father had been a pilot in WWII and flew transport planes. It turns out that my wife’s father was an RAF bomber pilot in WWII and came to Canada after being wounded after being shot down. He stayed in Detroit, got married, and my wife was their oldest daughter.You can easily see that if flight had not come about, not only would all our lives have been different, some of us might never have been!David McCullough has brought us a wonderful popular history, a survey, of the Wright Brothers and their bringing flight to the world. Yes, others are still put forward as having beaten them to the air, but as one of their early rivals noted, no one seemed to be able to fly until Wilbur showed them how then everyone could do it. All the other claimants are for getting off the ground for a bit, but not for controlled flight as the Wright Brothers accomplished.This book covers their early life through their ten years of inventing flight, their 1903 flight at Kitty Hawk, their flights at Huffman Prairie, their 1908 paper, the work Orville did with contracts to the U.S. Government and Wilbur’s work and exhibitions in France. Yes, there were rivalries, jealousies, claims for credit. But the reality in the final analysis is that Wilbur and Orville did this great thing with their high school educations and completely financed it themselves without any outside money from wealthy folks or the government.The book is an entertaining and informative read with lots of photos. But if you get interested in the subject you can supplement this book with lots of fabulous information on the web and videos done about the Wright Brothers by people who actually knew them!Wilbur died far too young and Orville lived through WWII and saddened to see their great gift to the world become the means of delivering death and horror in war.Still, my life has been blessed by flight. Last year I took my four year old granddaughter, Amelia, to the Ann Arbor City Airport and we watched planes land and take off as I explained flight to her. She was fascinated. She charmed a very nice man who was the pilot of a Lear Jet that was getting ready to leave in a few hours. He invited her to wander around the inside of the jet to see how it looked inside. She was DELIGHTED. I was so happy to see flight beginning to bless her life and pique her curiosity, too! I bought her a model of the Wright Flyer and gave it to her Dad so they could build it together. They did and it is proudly in her room.A great thing. And we owe it to Wilbur and Orville and what they began back in December 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina!Reviewed by Craig Matteson, Saline, MI

McCullough has written a serious and riveting review of the lives of Wilbur and Orville. His writing style is concise, thorough, and unpretentious. I was able to read it easily and enjoyably and learned many things about the Wright family that I didn’t know. The book was thus valuable to me.FAMILYMcCullough makes it clear that the Wilbur and Orville were a product of their family environment. Their father was the major influence. Milton Wright was a minister and finally a bishop in the United Brethren Church in Christ.McCullough writes — “He was an unyielding abstainer, which was rare on the frontier, a man of rectitude and purpose— all of which could have served as a description of Milton himself and Wilbur and Orville as well.”His strict values molded and focused the views of the three younger Wrights (Katherine, Wilbur, and Orville). In addition to his strictness, he was a true classical liberal in his beliefs in the scientific method and equal rights for all people, no matter their race or gender. For example, Milton wrote to his sons when they were in Paris trying to get support for their flying machine: “Sons—Be men of the highest types personally, mentally, morally, and spiritually. Be clean, temperate, sober minded, and great souled.” As grown, experienced, and highly successful inventors, they responded: “Father — All the wine I have tasted since leaving home would not fill a single wine glass. I am sure that Orville and myself will do nothing that will disgrace the training we received from you and Mother.”McCullough writes — “Years later, a friend told Orville that he and his brother would always stand as an example of how far Americans with no special advantages could advance in the world. ‘But it isn’t true,’ Orville responded emphatically, ‘to say we had no special advantages . . . the greatest thing in our favor was growing up in a family where there was always much encouragement to intellectual curiosity.’ ”BUSINESSMcCullough records Wilbur’s thoughts on being in business in a letter to his brother Lorin in 1894:“In business it is the aggressive man, who continually has his eye on his own interest, who succeeds. … There is nothing reprehensible in an aggressive disposition, so long as it is not carried to excess, for such men make the world and its affairs move. . . . I entirely agree that the boys of the Wright family are all lacking in determination and push. That is the very reason that none of us have been or will be more than ordinary businessmen. … We ought not to have been businessmen.”In 1911, Wilbur wrote:“When we think what we might have accomplished if we had been able to devote this time [fighting patent infringement suits] to experiments, we feel very sad, but it is always easier to deal with things than with men, and no one can direct his life entirely as he would choose.”The Wrights never built, or even tried to build, an industrial empire as Ford or Edison or their Dayton neighbors John and Frank Patterson (National Cash Register) had done. The Wrights were intellectual men and women.ENGINEERINGMcCullough's book is quite light on technical discussions. But the Wrights' unique approach to technology development is the essence of who they were and why they were such successful engineers when others better funded, better educated, and better connected failed. For example, McCullough ignored the following examples.Wilbur and Orville were superb engineers, though neither went beyond high school. They found by trial and error that the existing data held by the science of aeronautics was flawed even though its principles were generally correct. They zeroed in on weight, power, control, lift, and the propeller as the main technologies that had to be solved. What is so astounding is not just that they solved these technical problems and reduced them to practice, but that they did it in record time. In a matter of three years, they invented or reinvented virtually the whole field of aeronautics. For example, the wind tunnel had been invented thirty years before, but Wilbur and Orville developed it into a precise quantitative instrument. With it, they developed not just the wing configurations, but coupled with the understanding that a propeller is simply a wing on a rotating shaft, they rewrote the rules of propeller design and optimized its efficiency dramatically. These two men had an insight into, and a reverence for, quantitative empirical data that was unique in aeronautical engineering at that time.McCullough shows how that reverence for truth (data) grew out of their family standards. But there was more to it than the principles of a strict Protestant upbringing. It also has to do with time and place. The late 1800s and early 1900s was a period of great minds applying the rules of The Enlightenment and the experience of science to practical problems. The place was an industrial axis, which was anchored by Dayton and Detroit and included Flint, Toledo, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and many other cities in the Midwest. This is where Edison, Ford, Dow, Firestone, the Patterson Brothers, and the Wright Brothers lived and created their technologies. There was a culture of boundless innovation and an infrastructure that included materials and support equipment that fostered great invention. It was similar in many ways to Silicon Valley today.REINFORCE THE NARRATIVEAnother area that could be strengthened in the book is its niche. There has been so much written about the Wrights that each new book needs to distinguish itself in some way with a different point of view, a new set of facts, or a fresh interpretation of old facts.For example, McCullough writes — “In early 1889, while still in high school, Orville started his own print shop in the carriage shed behind the house, and apparently with no objections from the Bishop. Interested in printing for some while, Orville had worked for two summers as an apprentice at a local print shop. He designed and built his own press using a discarded tombstone, a buggy spring, and scrap metal.”That last sentence about building his own printing press defines so much about Orville and his simple pragmatism. To reinforce that point requires some expansion of that event or similar other defining events in the lives of Wilbur and Orville. I wanted to read more about Orville's compulsive act of invention, but it wasn't there.The 81 photos McCullough includes in his book are treasures. Many of them are familiar, but so many are new looks at the Wrights. I wish there were greatly expanded captions below each photo, for each one is a story in itself.One source of knowledge about the Wrights’ approach to aeronautics is the Air Force Museum at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton. It is normally overshadowed by the more popular Air and Space Museum in Washington, but the exhibits at the Air Force Museum walk you through the Wrights’ engineering exploits with a degree of detail and insight I have found nowhere else.

At school I have always heard quickly few words about these brothers and nobody was able to give me deeper informations about their lifes.. recently I have took some times on reserch and luckily I have found this book. I like the way is written and it really inspires me.

Book of well written and very worth reading for anyone interested in biographies, technological development and flying.

David McCullough is just a great writer. He can turn any mundane topic into something fascinating. And he did it again with "The Wright Brothers." I don't really have an interest in aviation and I'm not sure why I even picked up the book, except that I figured if McCullough wrote it, it must be good. And it is. McCullough tells the story of two all-American boys who, through an incredible amount of work, effort, and ambition, invented the first real airplane. And they did this with just an amateur knowledge of science and technology. The story is truly inspiring.Two things surprised me, though. One was the anti-semitism that their sister expressed when hearing of Hart Berg, the reprentative of Flint and Company, who would eventually reprensent them, and two, was their fates in the end. Somehow both these elements seemed out of character. The Wright Brothers, themselves, were peculiar, however. It seems neither ever had as much as a girlfriend, at least from the story McCullough tells, and one has to wonder why that was. They lived at home their entire lives, along with their sister, who likewise seems to have avoided the opposite sex for most of her life. McCullough doesn't dwell on this, but it does seem a bit strange. But I suppose genius is often found in madness.But it's a truly fascinating, incredibly American tale, and well worth a read.

La historia de los hermanos Wright es interesantísima, y el autor la cuenta de forma inmejorable. Su descripción de la personalidad de los hermanos, especialmente Wilbur, de las condiciones en las que trabajaban produce en el lector tal simpatía hacia ellos que se convierten en amigos, y uno se alegra con sus éxitos con la misma sencillez que tenían ellos.

The world relies on the expertise, the brilliance and the contribution of a few extra-ordinary men. Wright brothers, the inventors of modern day aircrafts fall in that category. For some of us in India, we had heard of them, but knew little about their motivations, their background, what made them succeed, what were the challenges that they overcame and what were some of the other factors that made them what they are.Wright Brothers is an easy to read biography of Wilbur and Orville Wright written by David McCullough. It brings the characters to life. For me the following stood out:1. The intense intellectual curiosity of the two brothers stands out. The author seems to suggest that it was their environment that triggerred their curiosity in flying i.e., by a toy, they played with as children and growing up in a home with books on science. Interestingly, intellectual curiosity is a quality that US universities claim to look for in applicants.2. Wright brothers did not go to great US universities. Nor were they born into a family of privilege. They were self made men. They spent a fraction of money spent by some other much better funded groups, who despite the funding and support from the very best failed. However, what they had was passion, attention to detail, looking at things carefully and making incremental changes constantly. As you read the book, these qualities come through loud and clear.3. They are men of great determination and tenacity. Year after year, they travel to Kitty Hawk (a remote part of North Carolina) where they overcome mosquitoes and inclement weather, set up a base, assemble prototypes, experiment and successfully fly a plane.4. Successfully flying a plane is not enough. US Government repeatedly rejects them and show little interest in helping them. No surprises that innovation has an inverse relationship with bureaucracy. However, the brothers do not give up and ultimately, the world recognises them.5. The success of the Wright Brothers is also about strong family tie. Their father and sister whole heartedly support them in their endeavours through thick and thin.6. Their success also illustrates the importance of hiring high quality professional manager.....their aircraft hobby was funded by their bicycle business.....while they were away focussing on experiments with aircrafts, a professional manager ran their bicycle business.On the shortcomings of the book, they is a lack of technical detail e.g., what is not clear is how did bicycle experts acquire the expertise to design an engine to fly a plane. Also not very clear is why they succeeded and why did the other dreamers fail.All in all a good and a very inspiring book to read. I recommend it.