A History of Western Philosophy: Kant and the Nineteenth Century, Revised, Volume IV

Excellent text for understanding the entire scope of Western Philosophy

W.T. Jones did an excellent job in presenting a lucid History of Western Philosophy. We used these books during a one-year course I took in Philosophy back in the early 1970's. They were fabulous then and I am glad to have them back in my library now.

very well written precis of philosophical giants with their works actual presented along with commentary

Reading Kant again, after so many years since college is wonderful,,,also the empirical stance of Locke..so different than Kant and the "Rationalist" deductive way...

Everything that W T Jones writes is helpful for when it comes to getting a handle of the ever intriguing world of philosophy.

The closer we get to modern times the more ridiculous I find philosophical thought gets

In this fourth volume, Professor Jones once again proves more than able to take very difficult material and make it accessible and readable as well as entertaining. I would have very much liked to have been a student studying under Professor Jones.My only criticism of this otherwise very helpful text is the attribution of the quote “survival of the fittest” to Charles Darwin on p. 206. While Darwin did use this quote, it was originated by a contemporary of Darwin, Herbert Spencer (1820 – 1903), seven years prior to the publication of the 'On the Origin of Species', in a sociological context. Herbert Spencer is not mentioned in the text. Darwin used the phrase in terms of natural selection and biological adaption. The use of the phrase by Spencer in the sociological context of human society has a much more ominous overtone. From the context of the discussion on p. 206, I believe that Professor Jones had in mind the implications for human society of the philosophical change in social and political outlook taking place at this time rather than biological adaptation or natural selection. Spencer's mistake was to treat the tools of inquiry - the techniques of science, as if they were the realities of nature and the human order.However, this reveals a more interesting question. Did the idea of ‘social Darwinism’ and laissez-faire economics predate Darwin and partially inform Darwin's theory of natural selection? The idea social evolution and progress based on adaptation was a part of the intellectual climate prior to Darwin’s work. I believe that it is more the case that Darwin’s ideas were misused and misapplied to develop a notion of survival of the fittest and progress in human affairs. Natural selection should not be confused with evolution and the progress this idea implies.

This book, 'Kant and the Nineteenth Century', is the fourth volume of a five-volume series on the history of Western Philosophy by W.T. Jones, professor of philosophy in California. This series is a very strong, thorough introduction to the course of Western Philosophy, beginning at the dawn of the philosophical enterprise with the pre-Socratics in ancient Greece to the modern thinkers such as Wittgenstein and Sartre. It has grown, over the three decades or so of its publication, from one to four then to five volumes. It has remained a popular text, and could serve as the basis of a one-year survey of philosophy for undergraduates or a one-semester survey for graduate students. Even advanced students in philosophy will find this valuable, all major topics and most minor topics in the course of philosophy are covered in these volumes.Jones states that there are two possible ways for a writer to organise a history of philosophy -- either by addressing everyone who ever participated in philosophy (which could become rather cumbersome if one accepts the premise that anyone could be a philosopher), or to address the major topics and currents of thought, drawing in the key figures who address them, but leaving out the lesser thinkers for students to pursue on their own. Jones has chosen the latter tactic, making sure to provide bibliographic information for this task.This volume, 'Kant and Nineteenth Century', starts where the last volume leaves off, as philosophy is coming of age as a discipline removed from the direct control and overarching influence of the church and, to a lesser extent, the politics of those in governmental authority. The world of the Renaissance and Reformation gave way to a world of continuing renovation and revolution, in America most notably as a start, and then throughout the rest of the Western Hemisphere and through Europe in many places.The period of the Enlightenment, the few centuries following the Renaissance and Reformation, is often called the Age of Reason. To a large extent, the historical presence of the church was withdrawing, and the dominance in intellectual and social circles of a humanist, empirical and rationalist mode was now firmly established. By the time of the nineteenth century, however, the confidence in the rationalist model was beginning to wane, with nothing clearly taking its place (this has continued into the twentieth century). Onto this stage, the first major thinker to emerge was Immanuel Kant, a wide-ranging thinker whose greatest contributions were probably in the field of knowledge, reason, ethics and metaphysics.Kant became the standard by which other philosophers would be measured. Hegel and Schopenhauer both dealt with responses to and reactions against Kantian ideas. Hegel's though became a standard by which history itself would be measured as a discipline. Following quickly was the rise of the Utilitarianists, Comte and Marx (whose ideas would not see their fullest political expression until the twentieth century). In Europe, the century culminates in Kierkegaard and Nietzsche (whose philosophy also influenced twentieth century politics, having been co-opted by the National-Socialists of Germany). Meanwhile America was beginning to produce philosophers, such as C.S. Pierce and William James. Jones also includes a relatively unknown philosopher, F.H. Bradley, who is little known outside of philosophical circles, but was important continuing the Hegelian legacy into the twentieth century.Each volume ends with a glossary of terms, and a worthwhile index. The glossary warns against short, dictionary-style definitions and answers to broad terms and questions, and thus indicates the pages index-style to the discussion within the text for further context. The one wish I would have would be a comprehesive glossary and index that covers the several volumes; as it is, each volume has only its own referents.This is minor criticism in a generally exceptional series. It is not easy text, but it is not needlessly difficult. The print size on the direct quotes, which are sometimes lengthy, can be a strain at times, but the reading is worthwhile.